The signs of death can vary greatly from pet to pet. Often they will stop eating or drinking (and if you do not plan to treat, it can be uncomfortable for them if you force food or water since their body is shutting down). They will become profoundly lethargic. They may vocalize more or find a hiding place.
I would not say hyperthyroidism itself is painful, but the side effects of it can be quite uncomfortable. Imagine eating everything in sight and still being hungry. Constant vomiting or diarrhea. No energy to do anything.
There are medications your doctor can prescribe to treat hyperthyroidism. If you cannot afford topical or oral medications or a prescription food (like Hill's y/d), then you should watch Callie closely for signs of discomfort, and schedule time to talk with your vet about humane euthanasia so that she is not forced to suffer the consequences of her disease. I know that will be a very hard decision.
Here is some more information you may find helpful:
http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&S=0&C=0&A=516http://www.lapoflove.com/diseases/feline/Hyperthyroidism_in_Cats.pdf